Which Belmont Report principle focuses on fairness in distributing research burdens and benefits?

• A. Respect for Persons
• B. Beneficence
• C. Justice
• D. Autonomy

Answer: (C)

Justice is the Belmont Report principle that centers on fairness in who bears the burdens and who enjoys the benefits of research. It asks us to ensure that the distribution of risks and benefits is equitable, so no group is exploited or overburdened, and that vulnerable populations are not excluded from benefits just because of convenience or circumstance. In practice, this means fair subject selection and making sure that the advantages of research are accessible to those who participate and to the broader community. Respect for Persons covers autonomy and protection of those with diminished decision-making capacity, and Beneficence focuses on maximizing benefits while minimizing harms. Autonomy is a component of Respect for Persons rather than a separate principle. Thus, fairness in distribution points to Justice.